Indo-Pacific Insight Weekly: July 19th 2025
Maldives & the Indian Ocean, Talisman Sabre Indo-Pacific drills, Vietnam Int'l Finance Centre, China-Laos-Thailand Railway, India-Indonesia minerals, China & the Yellow Sea, ASEAN's digital economy...
Myanmar and Russian Regimes Push Indian Trade Corridor to Bypass Western Sanctions
The Irrawaddy
"Junta Minister for Transport and Communications General Mya Tun Oo discussed the project with a Russian delegation led by Alexander Sergeevich Shatirov, director of Roscongress Investment Fund, in Naypyitaw on Monday."
"Its efforts included bids for full membership of regional blocs such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), where it currently holds dialogue partner status. During his visit to Belarus last month, Min Aung Hlaing called for Myanmar’s admission to the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) as an observer at the earliest opportunity."
"New Delhi has yet to comment on the proposed Russia-India-Myanmar corridor, which could overlap or intersect with India’s ongoing Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, a key component of its 'Act East' policy."
"Launched in 2008, the Kaladan project aims to connect India’s eastern seaboard with its remote northeastern states and foster economic integration with Southeast Asia. The corridor links Kolkata Port with Rakhine State’s Sittwe Port via the Bay of Bengal, before progressing through the Kaladan River to Paletwa and onward by road to Zorinpui on the India-Myanmar border. While its key sea and river segments have been completed, the 109-km road section has faced repeated delays due to fierce fighting in Rakhine as well as contractor disputes and land acquisition issues."
See also: A Myanmar-India-Russia Economic Corridor? India Not Against It
Why is ASEAN planning a rare joint meeting of foreign and economic ministers?
Channel News Asia
"The upcoming meeting was revealed last Friday (Jul 11) by Malaysian Foreign Minister Mohamad Hasan after a gathering with his counterparts from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), saying it would be aimed at developing a 'more coordinated regional response to economic headwinds and rising trade tensions'."
"Analysts described the revived meeting as a move towards 'strategic pragmatism,' reflecting ASEAN's heightened awareness that economic decisions can no longer be divorced from political realities and that they can no longer work in silos."
"Malaysia, who is this year's ASEAN chair, faces a 25 per cent tariff from Aug 1, with Laos and Myanmar facing 40 per cent, Cambodia and Thailand 36 per cent, Indonesia 19 per cent, Vietnam 20 per cent (and 40 per cent on trans-shipments), and the Philippines and Brunei 20 per cent and 25 per cent respectively."
Vietnam's public security ministry takes over state stake in FPT Telecom
VnEconomy
"The transfer was aimed at strengthening the [Ministry of Public Security's] capacity to fulfil its tasks related to national security protection and maintaining social order and safety, especially in the areas of cybersecurity, information security, and specialized telecommunications."
"Major General Pham Truong Giang, director of the ministry’s Financial Planning Department, reaffirmed that the transfer adheres to the Party and state's guidelines to enhance the operational efficiency of state-owned enterprises and to better meet the evolving demands of the ministry in the future."
https://en.vneconomy.vn/ministry-of-public-security-takes-over-state-stake-in-fpt-telecom.htm
Oil Giant Adds Fuel to Soft Power Push
China Media Project
"On June 30, the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), which operates in nearly 70 countries and ranks among the world’s top oil companies by revenue, announced the formation of the 'China National Petroleum International Communication Center' (中国石油国际传播中心) in a ceremony in Beijing. The CNPC said the center, established under the corporation’s newspaper division, aims to implement the 'spirit' of the CCP's Third Plenum back in August 2024, where one of the key messages was the need to 'steadily raise the effectiveness of China's international communication' (不断提升国际传播效能). A readout from the ceremony also paid lip service to Xi as the CCP's leadership core, suggesting the center would advance 'Xi Jinping Thought on Culture' (习近平文化思想)."
"Since 2021, hundreds of international communication centers (国际传播中心) have been formed across China's vast administrative structure, from county-level governments to provincial authorities, all tasked with projecting Chinese narratives to international audiences."
https://chinamediaproject.org/2025/07/07/oil-giant-to-fuel-state-propaganda/
U.S. to Construct Philippine Fast Boat Base Near South China Sea Flashpoints
US Naval Institute News
"A solicitation for a boat maintenance facility seeks to construct support infrastructure to host Philippine vessels in the municipality of Quezon, located only 160 miles east of the flashpoint of Second Thomas Shoal. The documents noted this strategic position on the South China Sea as a project objective."
"The development of the western coast facility is crucial for the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which has mostly relied on its base at Naval Detachment Oyster Bay to stage patrols and resupply missions to its scattered outposts in the disputed waters. More developed ports on the eastern side of the island require more time to reach Manila’s outposts in the Spratlys. Plans for the project seek to get the watercraft from the facility and into the water within 15 minutes to meet a 'rapid deployment readiness' objective."
Small State, Big Stakes: The Maldives and Strategic Competition in the Indian Ocean
War On The Rocks
"India, the Maldives' traditional regional partner, has responded to China's growing presence with its own surge in investment and diplomacy. The centerpiece is the Greater Malé Connectivity Project, a $500 million initiative consisting of a bridge, causeways, and roads linking Malé to three neighboring islands. Funded by a $100 million grant and a $400 million line of credit, the connectivity project is India's largest-ever infrastructure investment in the Maldives. India has also contributed $220 million to the Addu City Reclamation and Shore Protection Project and provided grants to expand ferry services and maritime connectivity across islands. Additional projects include investments in Hanimaadhoo International Airport, over $100 million in water and sanitation upgrades, and support for education, medical aid, and technical training."
"Unlike India and China, the United States has adopted a lower profile but strategically important approach. In 2020, Washington and Malé signed a Defense and Security Relationship Framework, the first formal military agreement between the two countries. This milestone was followed by the opening of the first U.S. embassy in the Maldives and the full-time reestablishment of the Maldivian embassy in Washington in 2023, signaling deepening institutional ties."
"The Maldives has also increasingly deepened its ties with other Muslim-majority countries beyond Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, engaging in military training, diplomatic coordination, and development cooperation. Pakistan has provided officer training, joint drills, and high-level defense exchanges. Turkey gifted the Maldives the TCG Volkan, a former Turkish Navy missile-capable fast attack craft, and initiated naval training programs. This growing engagement with Islamic partners reflects Malé's strategy of embedding itself within multiple economic, diplomatic, and security architectures, reinforced by shared cultural and religious ties, as the Maldives constitutionally defines itself as a 100 percent Muslim nation."
It looks like the US has just pulled Indonesia into South China Sea cooperation
The Strategist, ASPI
"Indonesia also offered 'closer cooperation with the US in economic and security matters through maritime policy, but not including accelerated ratification of the Indonesia–Vietnam Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) border. This [offer of closer economic and security cooperation] includes only export controls, increased military collaboration, the use of secure communications technology and strengthening border surveillance and control, particularly in the South China Sea.' "
"The document cited by IDN Times reveals that Washington sought two Indonesian commitments on the South China Sea in the trade agreement. First, it pushed Jakarta towards closer security cooperation, especially in the disputed area of the South China Sea. This closer cooperation presumably would include military exercises and joint patrols."
"Second, the US wanted Indonesia to expedite ratification of the Indonesia–Vietnam Exclusive Economic Zone agreement. This is important because the maritime delimitation agreement signed by Indonesia and Vietnam overlaps with the nine-dash line that delineates China's (ambiguous) claim to the South China Sea. Ratification of the agreement would reaffirm that Indonesia recognised no Chinese claim. It might also encourage Indonesia to back away from a November plan for joint development of the disputed waters in cooperation with China."
Dien Bien, Saint Petersburg seek to deepen cooperation in culture, technology
Nhan Dan, Vietnam
"At a working session with a delegation from Saint Petersburg on July 15, Le Thanh Do, Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party Committee and Chairman of the provincial People's Committee, emphasised the importance of expanding collaboration between the two localities, suggesting the establishment of a Centre for Science Application and Technological Innovation in Dien Bien. He also affirmed the province's willingness to create favourable conditions for the effective implementation of joint projects."
"Vyacheslav G. Kalganov, Vice Chairman of Saint Petersburg's Committee for External Relations, expressed strong interest in enhancing cooperation with Dien Bien, especially in education, culture, and technology transfer."
"The Saint Petersburg official introduced the city's spatial governance, drone manufacturing, AI applications, and the provision of vehicles suited to Dien Bien's mountainous terrain. He expressed hope to begin these collaborative initiatives soon, contributing to Dien Bien's rapid and sustainable growth."
South Korea summons Japan's defence attaché in protest over island claims
Reuters
"South Korea's defence ministry summoned Japan's defence attache on Tuesday to protest over an annual white paper published by Tokyo, which made a territorial claim over disputed islands located in the East Sea."
"Both sides claim longstanding territorial rights over the islands, which are known as Dokdo in Korean and Takeshima in Japanese, and lie roughly halfway between the two countries."
"Lee demanded the immediate removal of Japan's territorial claims from the paper and added that the government will 'sternly respond to any attempts to harm sovereignty over the Dokdo islands'."
"The islands are currently controlled by Seoul with a small contingent of coast guards."
PNG joins major defence exercise as Talisman Sabre expands into region
National Broadcasting Corporation of Papua New Guinea
"Papua New Guinea will play a key role in one of the world's largest military exercises, Exercise Talisman Sabre 2025, which commenced in Australia this week and, for the first time, will extend into PNG territory."
"PNG's inclusion in the active field components of Talisman Sabre highlights the country's growing importance in Indo-Pacific security efforts. The exercise will see allied forces conduct joint training not only across several Australian states but also in select locations within PNG, further deepening defence ties between Port Moresby, Canberra, and Washington."
"Personnel from the PNG Defence Force [PNGDF] are participating alongside military forces from the United States, Canada, Fiji, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, and the United Kingdom. Malaysia and Vietnam are attending as observers."
Vizhinjam port eyes 40% EXIM share in total cargo volumes over 3-5 years
The Financial Express, India
"Vizhinjam International Seaport, the country's first deepwater transshipment port, is rapidly scaling up infrastructure to commence direct export-import (EXIM) operations, aiming to achieve a 40:60 mix between EXIM and transshipment cargo volumes over the next three to five years."
"Located in Kerala's Thiruvananthapuram district, Vizhinjam International Seaport is only 10 nautical miles off international East-West and Far East — Middle East Asia shipping routes. The port currently handles only transshipment cargo with direct EXIM operations expected to begin this September. EXIM operations have been delayed due to the lack of last-mile road or rail connectivity to the port."
"Additionally, the Kerala government is planning a 10.7-km largely underground railway line from the port to Balaramapuram, a small station located between Tamil Nadu's Nagercoil and Kanyakumari, to improve rail access. The project is expected to be completed by December 2028. A cloverleaf interchange is also on cards to enable seamless entry of 1,000–2,000 trucks daily into the port through the road."
"APSEZ [Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone] will be investing ₹10,000 crore over the next three years for the the second phase of expansion. This includes extending the breakwater by another 1 km from its current 3 km length and expanding the jetty from 800 metres to 2,000 metres by 2028. Once completed, the port's annual capacity will rise to 4.5 million TEUs, up from 1.5 million TEUs at present."
Ho Chi Minh City, Kazakhstan promote cooperation in developing Viet Nam Int'l Financial Centre
Nhan Dan, Vietnam
"Economically, Ho Chi Minh City accounts for around 23% of Viet Nam's GDP and serves as a key centre for major industries such as finance, technology, and services. It accommodates many banks, securities firms, and financial institutions, forming a solid foundation for the development of an international financial centre. Moreover, the city's pace of digital transformation in fintech ranks among the highest in the region and globally, while its transaction costs remain lower than those of many other financial centres."
"Kazakhstani Ambassador to Viet Nam Kanat Tumysh noted that Viet Nam is a country with a strong high-tech industry and rapidly growing manufacturing and export sectors. However, bilateral trade currently stands at just under 1 billion USD per year, which is still modest compared to the vast potential of both nations."
"The diplomat proposed that beyond trade and investment promotion, Kazakhstan and Viet Nam should focus on enhancing financial cooperation, particularly between Ho Chi Minh City and the AIFC [Astana International Financial Centre], which is a leading financial hub in Eastern Europe and Central Asia attracting over 16.9 billion USD in investment, creating nearly 10,000 jobs, and home to more than 4,000 companies from 80 countries."
China's Cultural Offensive: How Beijing Is Quietly Reshaping North Korea
The Diplomat
"China's approach cleverly leverages technology to penetrate North Korean society. A striking example is the popularity of Chinese-made MP7 and MP8 media players among North Korean teenagers. These devices, produced by Chinese small and medium enterprises, appear to be simple educational tools but provide access to foreign media content including movies, TV shows, and music."
"China's media penetration strategy is both sophisticated and overwhelming. Rather than attempting to measure North Korean responses to specific content, China has adopted what can be described as a 'culture bomb' strategy – overwhelming through sheer volume. The Chinese believe that since any Chinese media will seem fresh to North Koreans, what matters isn't what they watch, but how frequently they watch it."
"China's influence extends beyond media into education and economics. At Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, China maintains rotating faculty positions for Chinese professors and helps shape the curriculum. China is also developing an online education platform focused on advanced fields like smart agriculture, applied statistics, and basic medicine. This approach seems designed to 'sinicize' knowledge production – essentially ensuring that North Korea's next generation of skilled workers are trained within China's intellectual framework."
PH bares troop, infra buildup on Pag-asa 9 years after Hague ruling
Rappler
"Vice Admiral Alfonso Torres Jr., commander of the Western Command (Wescom), said new troop deployments and infrastructure projects are planned as part of a broader push to 'fortify our occupation' in the Kalayaan Island Group.
" 'Expect more and better infrastructure projects,' Torres told a ceremony in Puerto Princesa, the capital of Palawan province. 'More footprints will be coming in, not only from the AFP but other agencies under the NTF-WPS (National Task Force on the West Philippine Sea).' "
"The plan is part of a whole-of-government approach by the NTF-WPS, which aims to integrate security and civilian functions in asserting Philippine presence in the West Philippine Sea."
Tripartite Cooperation Accelerates: Promoting Logistics and Tourism along the China-Laos-Thailand Railway
The Laotian Times
"The initiative is a joint collaboration between the Mekong Institute, the Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Khon Kaen, and the Foreign Affairs Office of Yunnan Provincial People's Government, PRC. The goal is to demonstrate a shared vision of using infrastructure and connectivity to foster inclusive development, economic integration, and people-to-people cooperation between China, Laos, and Thailand."
"The Logistics and Tourism Promotion along the China–Laos–Thailand Railway will be held on 19 August in Khon Kaen, featuring a comprehensive range of activities including plenary talks, breakout discussions, exhibitions, and business matching sessions. The conference will convene key stakeholders, policymakers, industry experts, business leaders, entrepreneurs, investors, and development partners interested in advancing the railway corridor's potential."
A studiously ignored problem: force projected from Australia must go through Indonesia
The Strategist, ASPI
"Without reliable passage through Southeast Asia, and Indonesia in particular, deterrence risks being operationally constrained, even where significant capability investments have been made. Heavy basing in Guam or northern Australia cannot offset gaps in force mobility across Southeast Asia, notably through strategic corridors such as the Sunda, Lombok and Makassar Straits. As regional tensions increase, it is this political gap, not a military one, that threatens the coherence of allied deterrence strategy."
"After the AUKUS security partnership was announced, Indonesian member of parliament Tubagus Hassanudin said the sea lanes 'cannot be used for activities related to war or preparation of war or non-peaceful activities.' "
"Even if a formal closure of the sea lanes would breach international law, allies cannot count on Jakarta adhering strictly to UNCLOS if it feels under pressure—for example, if it perceives its neutrality or sovereignty is threatened. Political alignment remains critical alongside legal rights."
An India-Indonesia Nickel-to-EV Global Value Chain
Observer Research Foundation
"Indian investors like Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) – the state-owned mineral procurement enterprise – and other key stakeholders in the value chain, particularly battery manufacturers, can help Indonesia secure diverse and more sustainable investment. A diversified investor mix will keep bargaining power with Jakarta, speed up technology transfer, and provide it with greater access to India's EV market. A logical next step is trilateral supply chain cooperation with Australia—the world's largest lithium producer—which already has a transport-decarbonisation pact with Indonesia. Linking Australian lithium, Indonesian nickel, and Indian cell-manufacturing scale could create an Indo-Pacific battery corridor."
"Both New Delhi and Jakarta recognised the need for increased cooperation and launched a project to enhance connectivity between India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Indonesia's Aceh province. The development of the Sabang deep-sea port in Aceh could significantly lower trade time and cargo costs. The benefits of increased nickel trade should be factored into the return on investment calculation in India-Indonesia connectivity. On the sustainability front, both governments pledged at the G20 to align new mining projects with global environmental, social, and governance (ESG) norms – India's 'LiFE' initiative emphasises low-carbon supply chains, while Indonesia wants its 'green-nickel' label recognised by Western buyers..."
https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/an-india-indonesia-nickel-to-ev-global-value-chain
Commentary: What is China doing in the Yellow Sea?
Channel News Asia
"China has rejected requests from South Korea to relocate the structures outside of the shared area and in May unilaterally declared 'no-sail zones' within the area, according to a report by Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative."
"China's steady gains in the South China Sea have likely encouraged it to try the same strategy in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Pushing into the East China Sea has been hard. Japan has the resources and naval capabilities, which the Philippines and Vietnam lack, to push back on Chinese maritime expansion."
"Although South Korea has a long coast, the North Koreans have built such a massive army – 1.5 million men – and stationed it so close to South Korea's capital, that South Korea spends disproportionately on its army and air force to outgun the North Korean threat. The South, for example, recently considered building an aircraft carrier to challenge China's maritime expansion, but the national legislature rejected it as too expensive."
Beyond FDI: Vietnam's Moment for Tech Upgrading
Fulcrum, Singapore
"FDI has been Vietnam's growth engine but no longer provides a ladder to advanced tech competitiveness. In the 1970s, Malaysia leveraged FDI for genuine industrial upgrading — for example, Penang's semiconductor cluster. In contrast, today's multinationals fiercely guard high-value intellectual property (IP) and production. Vietnam's role remains confined to low-margin assembly, with limited spillover effects. Vertical integration along the value chain through technology transfer, human labour training, and direct support has become less available in the 21st century. Eighty per cent of Vietnam's mobile phone exports and over 70 per cent of its electronics products, for instance, rely on imported components, leaving local firms as subcontractors, not innovators. Therefore, a breakthrough in Vietnam's position in the global value chain relies less on FDI than on its domestic capacity."
https://fulcrum.sg/beyond-fdi-vietnams-moment-for-tech-upgrading/
Sarawak Premier plans to reshape Petros into sovereign wealth fund
Reccessary
"Sarawak Premier Abang Johari Tun Openg is looking to follow in Singapore's footsteps by transforming state-owned oil and gas company Petros into a sovereign wealth fund that can drive economic diversification and growth. Low-carbon green hydrogen is one of the government's key priorities."
"Despite high costs and limited current demand, Johari acknowledged, advances in transportation technologies offer a promising path forward. He said that while China has been pushing electric vehicles, 'even China now is looking into the possibility of using hydrogen' in transportation. In the long run, he believes low-carbon hydrogen could become a catalyst for the voluntary carbon market with Sarawak leading the way in the region."
See also: Sarawak To Establish Hydrogen Certification Platform To Strengthen Market Integrity
https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php/sports/politics/news.php?id=2443570
Trump's bearhug for the Philippines
The Interpreter, Lowy Institute
"The second Trump administration's empathetic approach to the Philippines, however, has come with a catch. As the Pentagon's top strategist Elbridge Colby told me prior to his return to service, frontline allies like the Philippines will have to forego any strategic hedging in favour of full-fledged alignment with America, especially on the China question. Eager to maintain its room for manoeuvre, the Marcos administration initially sent mixed signals, most notably on the brewing conflict over neighbouring Taiwan. The Philippines also wavered on sensitive infrastructure projects, including a proposed new port facility to be built by the Pentagon in the northernmost Philippine province of Batanes, which is only 160 kilometres from Taiwan's southern shores."
"Over the past year, however, the Philippines has increasingly embraced a more active Taiwan strategy, since, as one influential Filipino naval strategist put it, '[I]f we lose Taiwan, then China becomes our neighbour. And our [entire] northern territories will be under threat.' Accordingly, the Philippines has expanded its own naval facility near Taiwan, welcomed joint drills with the United States near the Bashi Channel, and is hosting advanced US military hardware such as the Typhon missile system. Most recently, the Philippines has also expressed openness to hosting more forward-deployed US presence, including a new weapons production and storage facility in Subic, which hosted the largest overseas American base during the Cold War period."
https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/trump-s-bearhug-philippines
Russia aims to extend ASEAN cooperation, claims west 'undermining' bloc
The Phnom Penh Post
"Russia has shared that it continues to observe 'increasing risks' related to what it considers militarisation activities in the Asia-Pacific region, the expansion of Indo-Pacific bloc mechanisms, and attempts by North America and Europe to strengthen NATO's military potential in Asia."
"Russian ambassador to Cambodia Anatoly Borovik addressed a press conference in Phnom Penh today, July 10. He claimed that the efforts of the US and the West are undermining the security and development architecture built around ASEAN, focusing all practical efforts on frameworks that serve Western countries."
"Other key areas of cooperation include military collaboration, highlighted by the docking of Russian naval vessels in [Cambodia's] Sihanoukville from April 28 to May 1, Russian language training for Cambodians and legal cooperation, marked by the recent visit of Russian Prosecutor General Igor Krasnov to Cambodia."
Navigating digital trade fragmentation in the age of geoeconomics
The Hinrich Foundation
"Nowhere is this more apparent than in the digital sphere. By 2030, ASEAN's digital economy is expected to reach an impressive US$1 trillion, up from US$300 million today – but proposed new digital governance architecture in the form of the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) is projected to double this figure. DEFA's digital trade provisions could increase ASEAN's services and digital services exports by as much as 45%, equivalent to around 2% of the region's gross domestic product (GDP), creating nearly 6 million new jobs. The digitalization of supply chains under DEFA could boost goods trade by 74%, or US$326 billion, in new trade flows."
"How does DEFA [ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement] fit with the broader digital trade rules landscape? As Figure 1 illustrates, the context is of an Indo-Pacific 'digital noodle bowl' of overlapping and divergent digital trade agreements and provisions (and one in which ASEAN economies' own participation could best be described as variable geometry)."
Vietnam and Indonesia Ink Landmark Rice Trade Deal Amidst Export Volatility
Vietnam Insider
"This development follows a dramatic 97% decline in Vietnamese rice exports to Indonesia during the first half of the year, with shipments plummeting to just 19,000 metric tons. The agreement emerges from discussions held between Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh and Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto on the sidelines of the BRICS summit in Brazil."
"Beyond the immediate scope of rice trade, Prime Minister Chinh indicated a broader commitment to fostering economic cooperation. He stated that he would direct Vietnam's trade ministry to collaborate with Indonesian authorities to further open their respective markets. This suggests a potential for expanded trade and investment opportunities across various sectors, signaling a deepening of economic ties between the two Southeast Asian nations. The long-term rice trade agreement, therefore, could serve as a precursor to more comprehensive economic integration and partnership."
Kyrgyzstan Advances New Cross-Border Transport Corridor with China via Bedel Pass
The Times of Central Asia
"Bedel will become Kyrgyzstan's third automobile crossing point with China, alongside the Irkeshtam (Osh Region) and Torugart (Naryn Region) passes. These older routes are frequently disrupted by severe winter weather. The new corridor is expected to offer a more reliable and time-efficient alternative for cargo moving between Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, reducing dependence on the longer Kashgar-Torugart-Naryn-Bishkek route."
"The corridor is expected to strengthen Kyrgyzstan's role as a regional transit hub, facilitating the re-export of Chinese goods to third countries. Bilateral trade between Kyrgyzstan and China reached $23 billion in 2024, an eightfold increase in recent years."
More of the Indo-Pacific:
Disclaimer: Headlines, and content selections, presented here are taken directly from the referenced articles and online platforms, and do not reflect any personal value judgment, statement or opinion. I make no warranty as to the accuracy, completeness, or truthfulness of the content of these articles. All news and information presented should be carefully scrutinized, considering the credibility of each source, the documented or discernible facts, the statements presented, and the strength of supporting evidence. Readers should form their own conclusions through the application of informed critical analysis. In detail >
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